Plagiarism

Plagiarism and Similarity Screening

All submissions are screened for originality and textual similarity before or during editorial assessment. Similarity reports are interpreted by an editor; no single percentage automatically determines acceptance or rejection. Proper quotations, references, standard terminology, methods, and unavoidable technical phrases are distinguished from unattributed copying.

Manuscripts may be returned for correction or declined when they contain plagiarism, duplicate publication, misleading citation practices, fabricated or manipulated content, or substantial unattributed overlap. Concerns identified after publication may lead to a correction, expression of concern, or retraction following a fair investigation.